With the increasing of complexity of rotating machine structures, failure probability of the machines also increases. So, high requirement for fault detection technique is necessary. The vibration monitoring technique is a main method of fault diagnosis. It can detect the character and position of the fault by analyzing the vibration signals of mechanical equipments. In this article, the principle of vibration monitoring technique and the typical vibration faults are introduced. The application of the vibration monitoring technique in fault diagnosis for rotating machinery is illustrated with an example.